Researches In Magneto-Optics, With Special Reference To The Magnetic Resolution Of Spectrum Lines Hardcover - 1913

London: Macmillan And Co, 1913. First English Language Edition 1st Printing. Hardcover. Very Good. Xiv, (1), 219 Pp + 4 Pp Ads At Rear. Blue Cloth, Gilt And Blindstamped. Seven Line Inscription And Signature Of Zeeman, Dated In December 1924, To Alfred Lande. Light Rubbing At Corners And Front Spine Edge, Gilt All Present But Not Brilliant, Very Faint Dampstaining In Upper Right Third Of Front Cover And Small Area In Upper Corner Of Rear Cover But No Trace On Contents; Otherwise Clean, No Fading To Cloth. From Wikipedia: Alfred Landé (1888 -1976) Was A German-American Physicist Known For His Contributions To Quantum Theory. In 1913 Landé Was Sent By Arnold Sommerfeld, His Thesis Advisor At The University Of Munich, To Be A Special Assistant For Physics To David Hilbert At The University Of Göttingen, To Replace Paul Peter Ewald, Whom Sommerfeld Had Sent To The Same Position In 1912. Landé Obtained His Doctorate Under Sommerfeld At The University Of Munich, Two Weeks Prior To The Start Of The First World War. He Joined The Red Cross And Served For Two Years On The Eastern Front Before Being Invited By Max Born To Join Him At The Artillery Testing Commission, One Of The Few Scientific Sections Of The Army. Apart From Their Work On Artillery Location By Sound Ranging, They Began To Examine The Cohesive Forces And Compressibility Of Crystals. This Work Led To The Unexpected Result That The Electron Trajectories In Atoms Were Not At All Like Planetary Orbits, Which At The Time Was The Usual Understanding Of The Electron In An Atom. Landé Studied Atomic Structure Intensively For The Next Seven Years. In 1916 Sommerfeld Had Begun To Apply The New Atomic Theory To Form A General Quantization Rule. In 1919 Landé Unexpectedly Turned To Spectroscopy Even Though The Continuation Of The Study Of The Spatial Orientation Of The Atoms Was The Most Pressing Problem Of The Time. He Turned To The Problem Of Atoms With Several Electrons, In Particular To The Simplest Case, The Spectrum Of Helium. The Spectrum Showed Non-Combining Single And Double (Actually Triplet, As It Turned Out Later) Terms So That It Seemed As If Helium Was Made Of Two Different Substances (Which Is Explained Today As The Result Of Electron Spin). Landé's Work Contained Several New Important Ideas, Including The Rule Of Vector Addition Of Two Quantum-Mechanical Angular Momenta J1 And J2. His Findings And Postulates Were Later Confirmed By Quantum Theory. Landé's Frankfurt Investigations (December 1920 Until April 1921) Ended With The Discovery Of The Well-Known Landé G-Formula And An Explanation For The Anomalous Zeeman Effect. The Landé G-Factor Is Now Defined Through Mj, The Magnetic Quantum Number. In 1923, Landé Stated The Landé Interval Rule, A Rule Dealing With The Relation Between An Electron's Spin And Orbit. Landé Was A Forerunner In A Phase Of New Interpretation Of Quantum Theory, From Which Concrete Physical Statements About Experimentally Verifiable Facts Can Be Made. This Happened, After The First Phase Of The Interpretation Of The Theory With Well-Known Discussions Between Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg And Wolfgang Pauli Who Favoured The Copenhagen Interpretation, Opposed In Varying Degrees By Erwin Schrödinger, Louis De Broglie And, Most Notably, Albert Einstein. After 1950 (And For The Rest Of His Life), Landé Turned Energetically Against The Copenhagen Interpretation Of Quantum Theory, Requiring, As Did Einstein, An Objectively Real Description Of Physical Processes. This Change Was Driven By Landé's Perception That Wave-Particle Duality Was An Unnecessary Misrepresentation Of Quantum Processes That He Explained By Developing A New Unitary Particle Formulation, Without Dualistic Reference To Waves. Landé Based His New Formulation Upon Non-Quantal Principles Of Symmetry And Invariance, With Duane's Rule For Quantisation Of Momentum Exchange With Space-Periodic Structures, And Leibniz's Principle Of Cause-Effect Continuity To Explain The Intrinsically Probabilistic Nature Of Quantum Processes. His Interpretation Is Considered A Minority Interpretation.