108 Buddhist Statues in Tibet: Evolution of Tibetan Sculptures

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS [The book contains for all Sanskrit words the correct diacritical marks, which cannot be reproduced here] Frontispiece: Jo bo Buddha statue of the Jo Khang in Lhasa Fig. I Gilt copper and brass statues of Indian, Nepalese, Tibetan, and Chinese origin. Po ta la. Fig. II Avalokitesvara Padmapani made by the Indian artist Bhidhaka in 998. Kha tse monastery. Fig. III Standing Bodhisattva. Kashmir schools in Western Tibet; 11th century. Phyi dbang monastery. Fig. IV Statues of Sarasvati. On left: 7th/8th century. On right: Copied by Chos dbyings rdo rje (1604–1674). Fig. V Cave monastery of Phyi dbang in Western Tibet. Founded during the 11th century. Fig. VI Sacred Mt. Kailasa, the centre of the ancient kingdom of Zhang zhung in Western Tibet. Fig. VII Mahabodhi Stupa at Bodhgaya. (Gaya district, Bihar, North-Eastern India). Fig. VIII Standing Buddha. Nepalese schools in Tibet; c. 11th century. Zhwa lu monastery . Fig. IX Monumental Maitreya. Possibly restored in 1914. bKra shis lhun po monastery. Fig. X One of a pair of stone lions on top of the burial mound of Khri srong lde brtsan. ’Phyong rgyas valley. Fig. XI Copper and brass sculptures of North-Western Indian, Nepalese, and Tibetan origin. Po ta la. Fig. XII Copper and brass sculptures of Indian, Nepalese, Tibetan, and Chinese origin. Po ta la. Plate 1A. Standing Buddha Sakyamuni. N.-W. India: Post-Gandharan Style; c. 6th Century. Po ta la. Plate 1B. Standing Buddha Sakyamuni. N.-W. India: Post-Gandharan Style; c. 6th Century. Po ta la. Plate 2A. Buddha Sakyamuni on Lion Throne. N.-W. India: Swat Region (Uddiyana); 7th/8th Century. Po ta la. Plate 2B. Six-Armed Buddhist Goddess. N.-W. India: Swat Region (Uddiyana); 7th/8th Century. Po ta la. Plate 3A. Standing Buddha Sakyamuni. N.-W. India: Kashmir (Karkota Dynasty); c. 650–700. Po ta la. Plate 3B. Standing Buddha Sakyamuni. N.-W. India: Kashmir (Karkota Dynasty); c. 650–700. Po ta la. Plate 4. Buddha Sakyamuni Preaching. N.-W. India: Kashmir (Karkota Dynasty); 7th Century. Phyi dbang. Plate 5A. Buddha Sakyamuni Preaching. N.-W. India: Kashmir (Karkota Dynasty); 7th Century. Po ta la. Plate 5B. Buddha Sakyamuni Granting Reassurance. N.-W. India: Himachal Pradesh; 7th Century. Jo khang. Plate 6. Buddha Sakyamuni Preaching. N.-W. India: Patola-Sahi of the Gilgit Valley; 7th Century. Po ta la. Plate 7A. Crowned Buddha Sakyamuni. N.-W. India: Patola-Sahi of the Gilgit Valley; 7th Century. Jo khang. Plate 7B. Standing Buddha Sakyamuni. N.-W. India: Patola-Sahi of the Gilgit Valley; 7th C. Tibet Museum. Plate 8A. Bodhisattva Maitreya. Western Tibet (Zhang Zhung Kingdom); 7th/8th Century. Po ta la. Plate 8B. Prajnaparamita. Western Tibet (Zhang Zhung Kingdom); c. 8th Century. Po ta la. Plate 9A. Twelve-Armed Avalokitesvara. Western Tibet (Zhang Zhung Kingdom); 7th/8th Century. Po ta la. Plate 9B. Tibetan Nobleman Represented as Caryatid. Western Tibet (Zhang Zhung); c. 8th Century. Po ta la. Plate 10A. Buddha Sakyamuni Preaching. Kashmir Schools in Western Tibet; 10th/11th Century. Jo khang. Plate 10B. Tara / Maitreya / Sakyamuni / Padmapani / Bhrkuti. Kashmir Schools in Tibet; 10th/11th C. Jo khang. Plate 11A. Avalokitesvara Padmapani. Kashmir Schools in Western Tibet; 11th Century. Phyi dbang Monastery. Plate 11B. Standing Buddha Sakyamuni. Kashmir Schools in Western Tibet; 11th Century. Phyi dbang Monastery. Plate 12. Avalokitesvara Khasarpana with Tara and Bhrkuti. Kashmir Schools in Western Tibet; 12th C. Po ta la. Plate 13A. Avalokitesvara Padmapani. Kashmir Schools in Western Tibet; 12th Century. Jo khang. Plate 13B. Avalokitesvara Padmapani. Kashmir Schools in Western Tibet; 11th Century. Jo khang. Plate 14A. Twenty-Two-Armed Male Tantric Deity. Kashmir Schools in Western Tibet; c. 10th Century. Jo khang. Plate 14B. Six-Armed Form of Avalokitesvara. Kashmir Schools in Western Tibet; 11th Century. Jo khang. Plate 15. Three-Dimensional Cakrasamvara Mandala. Kashmir Schools in Western Tibet; 11th Century. Po ta la. Plate 16. Buddha Sakyamuni Donated by Dadaka. N.-E. India: Early Pala Style; 8th/9th Century. Jo khang. Plate 17. Tathagata Ratnasambhava Donated by Jnanasadhuka. N.-E. India: Late Pala Style; 1050–1150. Po ta la. Plate 18A. Buddha Sakyamuni Copied After Mahabodhi Image. N.-E. India: Late Pala Style; 11th/12th Century. Jo khang. Plate 18B. Manjusri in the Attitude of Royal Ease. N.-E. India: Late Pala Style; 12th Century. Jo khang. Plate 19. “Major Events in the Life of Buddha Sakyamuni”. N.-E. India: Late Pala Style; 11th/12th Century. Po ta la. Plate 20. Khadiravani-Tara Attended by Ekajata. N.-E. India: Late Pala Style; 11th/12th Century. Po ta la. Plate 21. Buddhist Goddess Marici. N.-E. India: Late Pala Style; 11th/12th Century. Jo khang. Plate 22A. Bodhisattva Maitreya . N.-E. India: Late Pala Style; 11th/12th Century. Po ta la. Plate 22B. Tara. N.-E. India: Late Pala Style; 11th/12th Century. Po ta la. Plate 23A. Standing Buddha Sakyamuni. Nepal (Licchavi Period); c. 8th Century. Po ta la. Plate 23B. Standing Buddha Sakyamuni. N. India (Post-Gupta) or Nepal (Licchavi); 7th Century. Sa skya Monastery. Plate 24A. Hayagriva – in His Form as Padmantaka (?).Nepal (Licchavi Period); c. 8th Century. Jo khang. Plate 24B. Standing Buddhist or Hindu Goddess (?).Nepal (Licchavi Period); 8th/9th Century. Po ta la. Plate 25A. Sakyamuni or Another “Emanational Buddha”. Nepal (Transitional Period); 10th/11th Century. Po ta la. Plate 25B. Sakyamuni or Another “Emanational Buddha”. Nepal (Transitional Period); 10th/11th Century. Po ta la. Plate 26. Buddha Sakyamuni Preaching. Nepal (Transitional Period); 11th Century. Po ta la. Plate 27A. Siddhaikavira Form of Manjusri. Nepal (Transitional Period); 10th Century. Jo khang. Plate 27B. Siddhaikavira Form of Manjusri. Nepal (Transitional Period); 10th/11th Century. Jo khang. Plate 28A. Standing Buddhist Goddess Identified as Tara. Nepal (Transitional Period); c. 11th Century. Jo khang. Plate 28B. Mahasri-Tara in the Attitude of Ease. Nepal (Transitional Period); c. 11th Century. Jo khang. Plate 29A. Standing Buddha Sakyamuni. Nepal (Early Malla Period); c. 13th Century. Jo khang. Plate 29B. Standing Manjusri (Tib.: ’Jam dpal). Nepal (Early Malla Period); c. 14th Century. Jo khang. Plate 30. Yama with Aspects of Kubera and Hayagriva. Central Tibet (Yar lung Dynasty); 7th/8th Century. Jo khang. Plate 31A. Yama. Central Tibet (Yar lung Dynasty); 8th/9th Century. Jo khang. Plate 31B. Hayagriva. Central Tibet (Yar lung Dynasty); 7th/8th Century. Jo khang. Plate 32A. Avalokitesvara Seated on a Cow. Tibet. Cast by Chos dbyings rdo rje (1604–1674). Po ta la. Plate 32B. Standing Form of Avalokitesvara. Tibet. Cast by Chos dbyings rdo rje (1604–1674). Jo khang. Plate 33A. “Major Events in the Life of Buddha Sakyamuni”. Chos dbyings rdo rje (1604–1674). Po ta la. Plate 33B. “Major Events in the Life of Buddha Sakyamuni”. Chos dbyings rdo rje (1604–1674). Tibet Museum. Plate 34A. Standing Buddha Sakyamuni. Nepalese Schools in Tibet; c. 11th Century. Po ta la. Plate 34B. Standing Bodhisattva Manjusri. Nepalese Schools in Tibet; c. 11th Century. Po ta la. Plate 35A. Vairocana. Nepalese Schools in Tibet; c. 11th Century. Jo khang. Plate 35B. Vairocana. Nepalese Schools in Tibet; c. 12th Century. Jo khang. Plate 36A. Dharmaraja. Nepalese Schools in Tibet; 11th/12th Century. Po ta la. Plate 36B. Bodhisattva Maitreya or Tathagata Vairocana (?). Nepalese Schools in Tibet; c. 11th Century. Po ta la. Plate 37A. Vajrapani (From a Group of Eight Statues). Nepalese Schools in Tibet; c. 12th Century. Se ra Monastery. Plate 37B. Lokesvara (From a Group of Eight Statues). Nepalese Schools in Tibet; c. 12th Century. Se ra Monastery. Plate 38A. Buddha Sakyamuni. Tibetan Gilt Copper Traditions; 11th Century. Jo khang. Plate 38B. Ascetic Bodhisattva Maitreya. Tibetan Gilt Copper Traditions; 11th Century. Jo khang. Plate 39A. Avalokitesvara Padmapani. Tibetan Gilt Copper Traditions; 11th Century. Jo khang. Plate 39B. Avalokitesvara Padmapani. Tibetan Gilt Copper Traditions; 13th Century. Jo khang. Plate 39C. Avalokitesvara Padmapani. Tibetan Gilt Copper Traditions; 11th Century. Jo khang. Plate 39D. Avalokitesvara Padmapani. Tibetan Gilt Copper Traditions; 11th/12th Century. Jo khang. Plate 40A. Buddha Sakyamuni. Tibetan Gilt Copper Traditions; 1350–1400. Jo khang. Plate 40B. Buddha Sakyamuni. Tibetan Work with Burmese Influence; 1350–1400. Jo khang. Plate 41A. Ådibuddha Vajradhara with Consort. Tibetan Gilt Copper Traditions; 14th/15th Century. Jo khang. Plate 41B. Samvara United with Vajravarahi. Tibetan Gilt Copper Traditions; 15th Century. Jo khang. Plate 42A. Dancing Vajravarahi. Tibetan Gilt Copper Traditions; 15th Century. Po ta la. Plate 42B. Standing Ja∫guli. Tibetan Gilt Copper Traditions; 15th Century. Jo khang. Plate 43A. Standing Buddha Sakyamuni. Pala Schools in Tibet; 12th/13th Century. ’Pyong rgyas Valley. Plate 43B. Standing Manjusri. Pala Schools in Tibet; 13th/14th Century. Po ta la. Plate 44A. Buddha Vajrasana. Pala Schools in Tibet; 12th Century. Po ta la. Plate 44B. Buddha Sakyamuni. Pala Schools in Tibet; c. 12th Century. Po ta la. Plate 45A. Vajrasattva. Pala Schools in Tibet; 1150–1250. Po ta la. Plate 45B. Syama-Tara. Pala Schools in Tibet; 1150–1250. ’Bri gung mthil Monastery. Plate 46A. Standing Avalokitesvara Padmapani (?). Pala Schools in Tibet; 13th Century. Jo khang. Plate 46B. Standing Buddhist Goddess Identified as Tara. Pala Schools in Tibet; 13th Century. Jo khang. Plate 47A. Vajrasattva / Manjughoœa / Avalokitesvara. Tibetan Brass Traditions; 12th Century. Po ta la. Plate 47B. Manjughoœa / Vajrasattva / Avalokitesvara. Tibetan Brass Traditions; 11th/12th Century. Po ta la. Plate 48A. Monumental Buddha Sakyamuni. Tibetan Brass Traditions; 13th Century. sNye thang. Plate 48B. Monumental Transcendental Buddha Akœobhya. Tibetan Brass Traditions; 1150–1250. sNye thang. Plate 49A. Tathagata Akœobhya – the “Transcendental Buddha”. Tibetan Brass Traditions; c. 13th Century. Jo khang. Plate 49B. Buddha Sakyamuni – the “Emanational Buddha”. Tibetan Brass Traditions; 13th Century. Jo khang. Plate 49C. Crowned Buddha Sakyamuni – the “World-Sovereign”. Tibetan Brass Traditions; 13th/14th Century. Jo khang. Plate 50A. Buddha Sakyamuni Commemorating the Defeat of Mara. Tibetan Brass Traditions; 13th Century. Jo khang. Plate 50B. Buddha Sakyamuni Commemorating the Defeat of Mara. Tibetan Brass Traditions; 13th Century. Jo khang. Plate 50C. Buddha Sakyamuni Commemorating the Defeat of Mara. Tibetan Brass Traditions; 13th/14th Century. Jo khang. Plate 51A. Portrait Image of a Lay Tantric Practitioner. Tibetan Brass Traditions; 13th Century. Jo khang. Plate 51B. Portrait Image of the Great Translator Mar pa (1012–1097). Tibetan Brass Traditions; 13th Century. Jo khang. Plate 52A. King Srong btsan sgam po. Tibetan Brass Traditions; Earliest 14th Century (?). Po ta la. Plate 52B/C. mGar sTong brtsan and Thon mi Sambhota. Tibetan Brass Traditions; Earliest 14th Century. (?). Po ta la. Plate 53A. Enthroned Buddha Maitreya. China: Northern Wei Dynasty (386–534); Dated 462/463. Po ta la. Plate 53B. Enthroned Buddha Sakyamuni. China: Northern Wei Dynasty (386–534); Dated 473. Po ta la. Plate 54A. Six-Armed and Eleven-Headed Avalokitesvara. China: Tang Dynasty (618–907); c. 8th Century. Po ta la. Plate 54B. Buddha Sakyamuni. China: Tang Dynasty (618–907); 7th/8th Century. Po ta la. Plate 55A. Sadakœari-Lokesvara. China (Ming Dynasty: Yongle Period); Dated 1403–1424. Jo khang. Plate 55B. Tikœna-Manjusri. China (Ming Dynasty: Yongle Period); Dated 1403–1424. Jo khang. Plate 56A. Caturbhuja Mahakala. China (Ming Dynasty: Yongle Period); Dated 1403–1424. Jo khang. Plate 56B. Panjaranatha Mahakala. China (Ming Dynasty: Yongle Period); Dated 1403–1424. Po ta la. Plate 57. Mahasiddha Virupa. China (Ming Dynasty: Yongle Period); Dated 1403–1424. Po ta la.

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